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1.
Braz. j. med. biol. res ; 29(7): 877-94, July 1996. ilus, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-181499

ABSTRACT

Local anesthesia is achieved by the binding of anesthetic molecules to the sodium channel, a membrane protein responsible for the transport of the extracellular sodium to the cytosol. Local anesthetics (LA) bind to the sodium channel inhibiting sodium transport and, as a consequence, the action potential responsible for the nervous impulse. Most LA are relatively hydrophobic ionizable amines that undergo partitioning into lipid. Both activity and toxicity correlate positively with LA hydrophobicity. Effects of LA on the structural and dynamical properties of the membranes lipid region may be responsible for some of the toxic effects caused by these molecules. The present review focuses on research done on the interaction between both the charged and uncharged forms of LA and lipid systems - bilayers and micelles. LA have been found to alter phospholipid gel to liquid crystal phase transition temperature (Tc), to affect bilayer permeability, to influence molecular packing, and to inhibit the bilayer to hexagonal phase transition. Anesthetics in micellized form disrupt bilayers giving rise to lipid-LA mixed micelle-like aggregates. The question of LA location in the bilayer is also addressed. Special emphasis is placed on work focusing on the quantitative analysis of drug binding, as well as on the effects of binding on physicochemical properties of the LA, such as extent of ionization (pK shifts) and rates of chemical reactions. The understanding of these phenomena has contributed to the development of less toxic liposomal formulations capable of prolonging the duration of anesthesia.


Subject(s)
Anesthetics, Local/chemistry , Sodium Channels/chemistry , Membrane Lipids/chemistry , Nerve Block , Phospholipids/chemistry , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacokinetics , Anesthetics, Local/pharmacology , Anesthetics, Local/toxicity , Lipid Bilayers/chemistry , Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy , Hydrolysis , Kinetics , Membranes/chemistry , Membranes/drug effects , Membranes/metabolism , Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy , Solubility
2.
Acta cient. venez ; 44(2): 131-42, 1993. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-180955

ABSTRACT

Una entidad nosológica denominada "Síndrome Parapléjico de los Bovinos" se ha extenddo en forma alarmante en las zonas ganaderas de los llanos centrales y occidentales de Venezuela. Se estima que un rebaño de 4 millones de bovinos se encuentran en la zona de incidencia de esta enfermedad, con un índice de mortalidad de 5 al 25 por ciento de los animales a riesgo, particularmente hembras gestantes y lactantes. La principal característica del síndrome parapléjico de los bovinos es el decúbito, ventral o esternal, en un animal que al ser estimulado hace esfuerzos infructuosos por levantarse. El diagnóstico se hace después de descartar mediante clínica y exámenes complementarios, la presencia de cuadros similares con etiología conocida tales como la rabia paralítica, el botulismo y hemoparásitos tales como Trypanosoma sp., Babesia sp., y Anaplasma sp.. La muerte ocurre a los pocos días, y hasta ahora no existe ninguna terapia satisfactoria. En este trabajo se describen resultados que indican la presencia de un factor tóxico en los animales expuestos al síndrome, este tóxico es una toxina natural aparentemente producida por bacterias del rumen de los bovinos. Su efecto se ha estudiado mediante técnicas de potencial controlado en nervio gigante de calamar, donde se evidencia que el compuesto es capaz de bloquear en forma específica la corriente de sodio durante la activación eléctrica del nervio


Subject(s)
Cattle , Animals , Cattle , Paraplegia , Sodium Channels/chemistry
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